[55]Jefferson in Russell Blaine Nye,The Cultural Life of the New Nation,1776-1830(New York:Harper&Row, 1960), 100.
[56]Franklin to Samuel Cooper,May 1,1777,inThe Writings of Benjamin Franklin,ed.Albert Henry Smyth, 10 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1905-7), 7:56.
[57]Thomas Paine,The Rights of Man(London:J.S.Jordan,1791),quoted in Nye,Cultural Life,66.
[58]I.Bernard Cohen,“Science and the Growth of the American Republic, ”Review of Politics 38,no.3(July 1976): 365.
[59]John F.Kasson,Civilizing the Machine:Technology and Republican Values in America,1776-1900(New York: Grossman, 1976).
[60]Brooke Hindle,The Pursuit of Science in Revolutionary America,1735-1789(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 1956).
[61]James Gilreath and Douglas L.Wilson,eds.,Thomas Jefferson's Library:A Catalogue with Entries in His Own Order(Washington,D.C.:Library of Congress,1989),119,cited in Robert J.Scholnick,Poe's“Eureka,” Erasmus Darwin, and Discourses of Radical Science in Britain and America, 1770-1850 (Lewiston,N.Y.:Edwin Mellen Press,2018);David N.Stamos,Edgar Allan Poe,“Eureka,”and Scientific Imagination(Albany:State University of New York Press,2017),131-132.
[62]伊拉斯謨斯·達爾文是英國醫學家、植物學家、詩人，也是英國著名博物學家查爾斯·達爾文的祖负。——編者注
[63]Jefferson to Thomas Cooper,Oct.7,1814,inThe Writings of Thomas Jefferson,ed.H.A.Washington,9 vols., new ed. (Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Maury, 1853-1854; Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 6:390.
[64]Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon,Histoire naturelle, 36 vols. (Paris: Royal, 1749-1788), 11:103-104, quoted in Lee Alan Dugatkin，“Buffon, Jefferson, and the Theory of New World Degeneracy, ”Evolution:Education and Outreach 12,no.1(2019):2;J.C.Greene,American Science in the Age of Jefferson(Ames:Iowa State University Press,1984).
[65]Jefferson,Notes on the State of Virginia(Richmond:J.W.Randolph,1853),149.
[66]Benjamin Banneker to Thomas Jefferson, 19 Aug. 1791, Founders Online.
[67]Jefferson to William Short, Sept. 8, 1823, Jefferson Papers, Founders Online, National Archives，見Peter S. Onuf,Jefferson's Empire:The Language of American Nationhood(Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press, 2000)。
[68]該起事件又名“切薩皮克-豹事件”(Chesapeake-Leopard Affair)，有兩艘戰艦牽涉其中，一艘為美國軍艦“切薩皮克”(Chesapeake)號，另一艘則為英國皇家海軍艦艇“豹”(Leopard)號；見James Fenimore Cooper,History of the Navy of the United States of America(New York:Stringer&Townsend, 1839)。
[69]Letters of Dr.Thomas Massie of Richmond,in“Richmond During the War of 1812(Continued), ”Virginia Magazine of History and Biography,April 1900,406-418.
[70]Allan to Ellis,Sept.21,1815,Ellis-Allan Papers,Library of Congress,inTPL,26.
[71]J.Gerald Kennedy,“The Realm of Dream and Memory:Poe's England, ”inPoe and Place,ed.Philip Edward Phillips (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), 71-96.
[72]Allan to Ellis,Oct.30,1815,Ellis-Allan Papers,inTPL,26.
[73]Catherine Poitiaux,May 18,1816,in Killis Campbell,“New Notes on Poe's Early Years, ”Dial,Feb.17, 1916,144,inTPL,30.
[74]Allan to General John H. Cocke, Feb. 3, 1817, E. V. Valentine Collection, Valentine Museum, Richmond;AHQ, 70-71.
[75]意在與“猾鐵盧”(Waterloo)相呼應。——編者注
[76]For a panorama of the“age of‘the spirit of the age, '”，見James Chandler,England in 1819:The Politics of Literary Culture and the Case of Romantic Historicism(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999)。
[77]Allan to William Galt Jr., Nov. 12, 1818, William Galt Jr. Papers, William R. Perkins Library, Duke University,inTPL,39.
[78]這段話的原文只有句末一個句號。為方卞讀者理解，本書譯者在這裏加上了標點符號。——譯者注
[79]Frances K. Allan to John Allan, Oct. 15, 1818, Valentine Collection; AHQ, 78.
[80]Peter J.Manning,“Childe Harold in the Marketplace:From Romaunt to Handbook, ”Modern Language Quarterly 52,no.2(1991):170-190.
[81]William Elijah Hunter,“Poe and His English Schoolmaster, ”Athenaeum,Oct.19,1878,496-497;AHQ, 71.
[82]Poe“, William Wilson, ”Gift for 1840,issued about Oct.1839,229-253.
[83]Hunter，“Poe and His English Schoolmaster”; AHQ, 71.
[84]Allan to William Erwin[Ewing],March 21,1818,Ellis-Allan Papers,inTPL,36.
[85]John Allan to Charles Ellis,27 July 1820,Library of Congress,Ellis-Allan Papers,TPL,45.
[86]Clarke to E. L. Didier, April 16, 1876, Autograph MS, Harvard College Library; AHQ, 83.
[87]Thomas H.Ellis,“Edgar Allan Poe, ”Richmond Standard,May 7,1881,2;AHQ,82.
[88]Kenneth Silverman,Edgar A.Poe:Mournful and Never-Ending Remembrance(New York:HarperCollins, 1991), 125-126. On Henry's life and relations with Poe, see Her-vey Allen and Thomas Mabbott, eds.,Poe's Brother: The Poems of William Henry Leonard Poe (New York: George H. Doran, 1926), 21;Richard Kopley,introduction toThe Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket,ed.Richard Kopley (New York: Penguin Classics, 1999), ix-xxix.
[89]Colonel John T.L.Preston,“Some Reminiscences of Edgar A.Poe as a Schoolboy, ”inEdgar Allan Poe:A Memorial Volume,ed.Sara S.Rice(Baltimore:Turnbull Brothers,1877),40-41;AHQ,85.
[90]Allan to Henry Poe,Nov.1,1824,Ellis-Allan Papers,inTPL,61-62.
[91]Albert J.Lubell,“Poe and A.W.Schlegel, ”Journal of English and Germanic Philology 52,no.1(1953):1-12; Sean Moreland and Devin Zane Shaw，“ ‘As Urged by Schelling': Coleridge, Poe, and the Schellingian Refrain, ”EAPR 13,no.2(2012):50-80.
[92]Poe，“The Lake, ” in LOA, 37.
[93]Maria Clemm to Sarah Helen Whitman, April 14, 1859, Lilly Collection, Indiana University; AHQ, 86.
[94]Sarah Elmira Royster, in Edward V. Valentine，“Conversation with Mrs. Shelton at Mr. Smith's corner 8th and Leigh Streets, Nov. 19, 1875”; AHQ, 91.
[95]Virginius Dabney,Richmond:The Story of a City,rev.ed.(Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press, 1990), 104-106.
[96]Howe,What Hath God Wrought,91-124.
[97]Auguste Levasseur,Lafayette in America in 1824 and 1825;or,Journal of Travels in the United States,2 vols. (New York: Clayton and Van Norden, 1829), 2:14.
[98]John Quincy Adams,“First Annual Message(Dec.6,1825), ”inA Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents,ed.James D.Richardson(Washington,D.C.:Government Printing Office,1897),vol.2,pt. 2,299-317;Marlana Portolano,“John Quincy Adams's Rhetorical Crusade for Astronomy, ”Isis 91,no.3 (2000): 480-503.
[99]Poe speaks of the kaleidoscope's effect in “The Philosophy of Furniture, ” a humorous article published inBurton's Gentleman's Magazine,May 1840,243-245.On magic lantern shows,see X.Theodore Barber,“Phantasmagorical Wonders: The Magic Lantern Ghost Show in Nineteenth-Century America, ”Film History 3,no.2(1989):73-86;Jeremy Brooker,The Temple of Minerva.Magic and the Magic Lantern at the Royal Polytechnic Institution, London 1837-1901(The Magic Lantern Society, London, 2013);works by Morus and Wells cited below.
[100]American Lyceum,with the Proceedings of the Conference Held in N.Y.,May 4,1831,to Organize the National Department of the Institution(Boston:Hiram Tupper,1831),4.On the lyceum movement, s e e Carl Bode,The American Lyceum:Town Meeting of the Mind(New York:Oxford University Press,1956);Kohlstedt,Formation of the American Scientific Community,8;Kohlstedt,“Parlors,Primers,and Public Schooling”;Donald Zochert,“Science and the Common Man in Ante-bellum America, ”Isis 65,no.4 (1974): 448-473.
[101]William H.Allen,An Address Before the Cuvierian Society of the Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut,July 31,1838(New York:Cuvierian Society,1838),13,quoted in Kohlstedt,Formation of the American Scientific Community,17;Kent P.Ljungquist,“Lectures and the Lyceum Movement, ”inThe Oxford Handbook of Transcendentalism,ed.Joel Myerson,Sandra Harbert Petrulionis,and Laura Dassow Walls (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 330-47.
[102]Laura Dassow Walls,The Passage to Cosmos:Alexander von Humboldt and the Shaping of America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009); Mary Louise Pratt,Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation(New York:Routledge,2007);Andrea Wulf,The Invention of Nature:Alexander von Humboldt's New World(New York:Vintage,2016);Ingo Schwarz,“Alexander von Humboldt's Visit to Washington and Philadelphia, ”Northeastern Naturalist 8 (2001): 43-56; Michael Dettelbach,“The Face of Nature: Precise Measurement, Mapping, and Sensibility in the Work of Alexander von Humboldt, ”Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C 30,no.4(1999):473-504.
[103]Robert M.Healey,Jefferson on Religion in Public Education(New Haven,Conn.:Yale University Press, 1962), 183.
[104]Jefferson in Charles Maurice Wiltse,The Jeffersonian Tradition in American Democracy(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 1935), 141.
